Income statement

The accompanying arrangement of numbers speaks to my net working income: IQ - $339,925, Q - $108,188 Q - $42,128, Q $197,078. In light of my expert equation income which were for IQ - $339,925, Q †$108,792 Q - $109,915, Q $539,469, and returning and understanding the idea of star rata recipe and financial plans, I was not fruitful in usage of these ideas. The explanation being is that my projections in correlation of my outcomes, I was if by $342,391. The initial seventy five percent apparently my choices were effective as my outcomes were beating my projections, yet by settling on the choice to â€Å"throw every one of my chips in† I didn't have any significant bearing any dynamic methodology, which demonstrated to hurt my results.I unquestionably feel that if I somehow managed to finish the reproduction again I would have the option to apply ace recipe explanations and financial plans effectively, with information, all through each of the four quarters. In effectively a pplying the ace recipe idea; I would have had the option to take my numbers end from the past quarter, for example, stock, records of sales, and fixed resources, and utilized my PC based in this way, I could make any important changes, as decrease my assembling expenses or increment creation and advertising expenses to have a superior main concern toward the finish of that quarter. This procedure would have permitted me to settle on sensible and purposeful choices had I completely comprehended the idea during the reenactment. 2. A.The Just in Time approach was structured and first actualizes by the Toyota producing organization in Japan. It's whole reason and idea is to streamline the creation procedure while wiping out waste. Squander is viewed as things, for example, however not constrained to; cost of stock, faulty things, and the time a representative sends trusting that gear or supplies will come in (Roy, 2005, p. 160-161). Coming up next are the outcomes for each quarter conce rning my completion stock; IQ O Q 23 Q 113 Q 0. The way that my closure stock expanded each quarter shows that I truly wasn't exactly certain what I was doing, however in the wake of surveying the exercises, I understand that my expansion in completion stock wound up costing the organization money.The way that I could have actualized the Just in Time approach, is to all the more likely comprehend what the genuine interest for my item was and afterward to alter my creation levels dependent on the real deals of the past quarter. On the off chance that I had the option to execute the methodology, I would have had the option to set my base creation level lower than what my projections were incase deals dropped, yet at that point if I somehow happened to seeing deals get, I could expand my creation and request supplies as important. This would extraordinarily expand my operational effectiveness as it would diminish my completion stock and just be requesting and utilizing the provisions r equired, consequently lessening the expense and time to the client and expanding my benefits and consumer loyalty. B.Lean Operations being remotely and have an increasingly focal spotlight on the client, implying that the procedure can be advanced by changing tasks and procedures dependent on a client viewpoint (Higher, Render, 2011, p 636). Sadly because of my disarray during the recreation I didn't matter the idea. In the event that I had the option to apply the ideas however I would have built up a framework that could have permitted me to more readily anticipate my clients' needs as opposed to speculating just as putting my customers' needs first. The primary way that I could have been fruitful is Just by essentially picking the right objective crowd. In doing as such, I could've spared a ton of time and cash on promoting and centered those assets into exercises that would additionally support and improve my business.Since the general objective of lean tasks is to evacuate all n on-esteem include exercises, in the event that I had the option to actualize this procedure, I would have been considerably more effective as my expense would be lower just as had higher deals results dependent on better consumer loyalty. The entirety of this would thus permit my business to be running nearer to ideal operational proficiency. . Work cells permit a solitary item to be grown further in stage by a solitary machine/region and don't expect development to a different area to proceed with improvement. This is commonly a mechanized procedure done as such by machines, which the more up to date machines can be joined with more established ones, along these lines lessening the organization's have to supplant costly apparatus all the more often. There is incredible advantage to this procedure as it dispenses with the development of stock at different parts to their next stage in completion.Cost would likewise be diminished as work cells ordinarily require less specialists, subs equently lessening work costs. In the recreation, since my item had such a large number of various parts and get together prerequisites, work cells would enormously profit this kind of industry as the individual parts would all be able to be collected in isolated work cells and afterward united for definite gathering. While at first my expense with straight line creation are lower as it requires less preparing and less responsibility of the representatives, work cells would wind up being less expensive over the long haul. The recreation additionally didn't represent representative joy which work cells would have an immediate impact on.Due to workers being less drawn in ND not being required to be responsible for the items quality in an orderly fashion creation, they would be discontent with work and thusly be less beneficial. By actualizing work cells, I would make a feeling of pride and strengthening in the representatives in this way improving profitability just as quality. I woul d likewise have the option to consider the different cells responsible for their completed items and commendation where fitting or censure when important. By utilizing work cells, I would be totally content with paying a bigger expense at first to expand efficiency and quality in the Eng run; along these lines after a specific measure of time, work cells would really be less expensive and set aside the organization cash and definitely increment benefits. 4.As recently expressed, my choices during the reproduction did not depend on any unmistakable levelheaded as I became lost and confounded rather rapidly, yet I am ready to think back on the recreation and think of it as additional as a consider the possibility that and apply the security stock idea in principle. In the reproduction, since the organization was another business, security stock would have been an exceptionally valuable idea to use. Toward the starting the entirety of my projections were Just cap, projections, they wer e not established on authentic numbers. By apply the wellbeing stock idea; I would have given myself the proper security net to take into consideration my projections to line up with the real interest of the item with no interference to manufacturing.When exploring my consummation stock for each quarter, I have reached the resolution that I wound up with an excessive amount of wellbeing stock and caused more conveying costs than were essential. I could have diminished my creation, along these lines lessening my completion stock, and bringing down my conveying costs. 5. My favored mutinous improvement program that I would have gotten a kick out of the chance to actualize in my organization would be Six Sigma. I like this program as it gives a far reaching, exhaustive examination concerning all parts of the organization and spotlights explicitly on taking past mistakes and distinguishing how they could have been forestalled. Especially in the reproduction the principal region I would have assessed and fixed would be management.The organization would have fared much better had I been in association with a person who had a superior information base and comprehension of how to run an organization. By applying Six Sigma however, it permits the spotlight to be put on each back of the business in turn, and afterward while the following region is being assessed, the past one can start executing the proposals, in view of the finds that came out of its own assessment. Pay proclamation The accompanying arrangement of numbers speaks to my net working income: IQ - $339,925, Q - $108,188 Q - $42,128, Q $197,078. In light of my professional recipe income which were for IQ - $339,925, Q †$108,792 Q - $109,915, Q $539,469, and returning and understanding the idea of master rata equation and financial plans, I was not effective in usage of these ideas. The explanation being is that my projections in examination of my outcomes, I was if by $342,391. The initial seventy five percent apparently my choices were effective as my outcomes were beating my projections, however by settling on the choice to â€Å"throw every one of my chips in† I didn't have any significant bearing any dynamic methodology, which demonstrated to hurt my results.I certainly believe that if I somehow happened to finish the reproduction again I would have the option to apply expert recipe articulations and spending plans effectively, with information, all through each of the four quarters. I n effectively applying the master recipe idea; I would have had the option to take my numbers end from the past quarter, for example, stock, debt claims, and fixed resources, and utilized my PC based in this way, I could make any vital changes, as decrease my assembling expenses or increment creation and advertising expenses to have a superior primary concern toward the finish of that quarter. This procedure would have permitted me to settle on coherent and deliberate choices had I completely comprehended the idea during the recreation. 2. A.The Just in Time approach was planned and first executes by the Toyota producing organization in Japan. It's whole reason and idea is to enhance the creation procedure while taking out waste. Squander is viewed as things, for example, however not constrained to; cost of stock, imperfect things, and the time a worker sends trusting that gear or supplies will come in (Roy, 2005, p. 160-161). Coming up next are the outcomes for each quarter concern ing my completion stock; IQ O Q 23 Q 113 Q 0. The way that my closure stock expanded each quarter shows that I truly wasn't exactly certain what I was doing, yet subsequent to exploring the exercises, I understand that my expansion in consummation stock wound up costing the organization money.The way that I

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx Relationship between helicobacter pylori contamination and carcinoma of the larynx or pharynx JIAN ZHOU, DUO ZHANG, YUE YANG, LIANG ZHOU LEI TAO  Abstract: Foundation: Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) assumes a job in the advancement of gastric carcinoma. In any case, there is debate with regards to whether H. pylori contamination builds laryngeal or pharyngeal malignant growths. Strategies: We dealt with a deliberate audit of inquires about identified with H. pylori disease in laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinomas, dispersed up to December 2014. Chances proportions (ORs) and 95% certainty interims (CIs) were surveyed by arbitrary impacts models orâ according to heterogeneity I2. Results: Eleven investigations were associated with the meta-examination. By and large, H. pylori contamination was altogether higher in the examination bunch contrasted and the typical benchmark group (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, P 2 = 58, P End: This investigation bolstered the recommendation that Infection with H. pylori was identified with laryngeal carcinoma, explicitly in the emergency clinic based benchmark group and analyzed by PCR or ELISA. By the by, no critical relationship was found between H. pylori disease and pharyngeal malignancy. Catchphrases: Helicobacter pylori, laryngeal malignancy, pharynx disease Presentation: Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the regular malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. It represents 25% of the considerable number of carcinomas of the head and neck and 2-3% of the carcinomas of the whole body [1]. Tobacco smoking and liquor devouring are significant hazard factors for laryngeal and pharyngeal malignant growth. The other hazard factors for example, microorganisms, infections, word related exposures, gastroesophageal reflux, and hereditary legacy have additionally been related with the danger [2]. It has been confirmed that H. pylori importantly affects the pathogenesis of duodenal and gastric ulcers, ceaseless gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma [3]. H. pylori movement in the upper aerodigestive zone was demonstrated by a past report [4].There are a few articles examining the relationship between H. pylori and laryngeal threat, the results of which are as yet clashing [5â€11]. The motivation behind this meta-examination study is to decide if H. pylori contamination is identified with malignancies of the larynx and pharynx by summing up confirmation from distributed examinations. Material and strategies Writing search We made an orderly writing search in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Embase for articles distributed up to December, 2014 by methods for related catchphrases and mixes thereof: for example, ‘laryngeal cancer,’ ‘larynx carcinoma,’ ‘pharyngeal cancer,’ ‘pharynx carcinoma,’ and ‘helicobacter pylori’. We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodologies. Incorporation and rejection guidelines Incorporation gauges were the accompanying: (1) conclusions of laryngeal or pharyngeal disease, and wellsprings of cases and controls, (2) away from of the relationship of malignances of the pharynx or larynx with H. pylori disease, (3) acceptable information for pharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma cases just as controls, (4) unequivocal data on the H. pylori discovery strategy utilized, (5) most refreshed and most recent form of distributed articles. Rejection principles were the accompanying: (1) case reports, survey articles, and studies not in English, and including patients with considerate affliction, (2) uncontrolled examinations, (3) companion contemplates, (4) creature studies, (5) and complex articles giving results from a similar report. Information extraction The resulting information were gathered from each certified article: first author’s family name, distribution year, city and nation of source, sum and sort of controls, methods for recognizable proof of H. pylori, and cases identified with smoking or drinking, correspondingly. All examinations were concentrated freely by two creators, and dependent on agreement. Measurable examination Meta-examination was overseen utilizing the arbitrary fixed impact model to pool singular investigation assessments into a general rundown gauge of the relationship between H. pylori contamination and laryngeal malignancy (or pharyngeal disease). The outcomes were given by 95% certainty interim (CI) and chances proportion (OR). The centrality of the OR was chosen by the Z test and p 2 was utilized to assess the heterogeneity between examines. In this way, delineated examinations were completed with in regards to the highlights of the investigation (sort of carcinoma, wellsprings of controls, strategies for finding of H. pylori, and test sizes). We evaluated distribution predisposition with Begg’s channel plot. The arbitrary impacts model presents extra variety across differing considers. We utilized the Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) to finish completely measurable investigations. Results Study attributes As showed in Figure1, we recognized 177 investigations by database look, with 57 containing covering subtleties. After ensuing beginning screening of the edited compositions, 22 entitled articles were chosen. Among these 22 investigations, two articles were expelled attributable to nonappearance of controls, and eight were shy of important insights. In conclusion, 11 articles were engaged with this examination. Assigned attributes of cases and controls are shown in Table I. All articles were review in scope. The carcinoma cases were principally affirmed histologically. Seven explores tended to laryngeal carcinoma alone, and four inquires about tended to laryngeal malignant growth or pharyngeal disease. Emergency clinic based controls were associated with seven looks into, populace based controls were utilized in two inquires about and facility based controls were remembered for two investigates. The procedure of distinguishing proof of H. pylori differs with creators. Meta-investigation For the most part, examination of H. pylori contamination for laryngeal malignant growth against a neighborhood control was measurably noteworthy and supported laryngeal disease (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, irregular impacts mode). Table II indicated the different hazard evaluations of looks into surveyed in meta-investigation. Chosen examines provided full information on H. pylori contamination, via carcinomas, wellsprings of controls, H. pylori analysis, and test size. The aftereffects of investigations delineated with these viewpoints were introduced in Table II. Once delineating for carcinomas, the pooled ORs for laryngeal malignancy were 3.28 (95% CI =1.91-5.63; I2 = 58, irregular impacts model) and 1.35 (95% CI = 0.86-2.12; I2 = 0, arbitrary impacts model) for pharyngeal carcinoma. In the subcategory investigation established based on controls, critical relations were recognized in the medical clinic based explores (OR = 3.31; 95% CI =1.49-7.35; I2 =68.2, irregula r impacts model) and in the center based looks into (OR =2.60; 95% CI = 1.00-6.76; I2 = 62.1, arbitrary impacts model), yet not in the populace based examines (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 0.70-5.91, irregular impacts models). Noteworthy relations were additionally identified in the various methods of recognizing of H. pylori contamination and test extent. In both by and large and subcategory investigations, I2 values were half or more prominent and related p esteems were Affectability examination and distribution inclination No distribution predisposition was clear (Figure 2) in meta-examinations of the relationship between H. pylori and danger of laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinoma, this was set up based on Begg’s rank relationship test and Egger’s relapse test (Begg’s test, p = 0.876; Egger’s test, p = 0.615). We examined the impact of a solitary report in general meta-investigation evaluation. Figure 3 shows the results of this examination, where the meta-investigation gauges were registered discarding each investigation in turn. The outcomes show that the relating pooled ORs were not basically changed, exhibiting that our outcomes were measurably intense. Conversation The effect of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of interminable ailments and malignancy of the stomach related locales is all around recognized [20, 21]. H. pylori contamination has a predominance of up to 90% in immature nations and around 30% in created nations [22]. The potential for harming epithelial and mucosal obstructions and aggravation could prompt interminable damage and epithelial cell expansion bringing about larynx pathology [23, 24]. The conceivable connection between H. pylori disease and carcinomas of the larynx or pharynx has been a wellspring of contention for a considerable length of time. Various examinations have been performed to show this circumstances and logical results affiliation. This investigation joined some time ago distributed information identified with the relationship between H. pylori disease and malignant growths of the larynx(or pharynx) into a concise evaluation of impact. The danger of creating laryngeal disease is 2.87 occasions higher for the individuals contaminated with H. pylori, than for the benchmark group (95% CI:1.71-4.84, P A past (2008) meta-examination of five investigations indicated that the danger of creating laryngeal carcinoma is multiple times higher for the individuals tainted with H. pylori, than for those in the benchmark group [23], giving a sign that H. pylori contamination might be identified with an expanded danger of laryngeal(or pharynx) carcinoma. Our exploration contemplated and investigated the results of 11 inquires about. When the investigation was separated by classification of carcinoma, there is a higher pace of laryngeal malignant growth among patients tainted with H. pylori than among everybody (OR =3.28, 95% CI = 1.91-5.63). No noteworthy relationship was found in pharyngeal malignancy, connoting that patients are maybe more vulnerable to laryngeal than pharyngeal neoplasm, or that the modest number of pharyngeal disease patients in this examination brought about such an outcome. Emergency clinic based inquires about (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.49-7.35) detailed a higher recurrence of H. pylori disease than facility based examines (OR =2.60, 95% CI =1.00-6.76). No critical relati

How Millennials (and Younger Generations) Can Prepare for the Next Recession - OppLoans

How Millennials (and Younger Generations) Can Prepare for the Next Recession - OppLoans How Millennials (and Younger Generations) Can Prepare for the Next Recession How Millennials (and Younger Generations) Can Prepare for the Next RecessionFrom tackling debt to picking up a side hustle, here’s how to prepare for financial downturns.Recession talk has been especially relevant since the Dow dropped more than 750 points in one day back in August 2019. Although no one can know for certain when the next recession will come, economists believe it will arrive sometime in the coming year.According to Ben Carlson, director of institutional asset management at Ritholtz Wealth Management, recessions in the United States have averaged once every five years since World War II. That statistic doesn’t seem so bad considering from 1836-1928, the United States was averaging one recession every 2.1 years. With that in mind, it’s been nearly a decade since the end of the Great Recession. And for many young people, the forthcoming (and inevitable) recession will be their first in the workforce.  So how do you prepare?  Aside from the obvious tightening of be lts and watching budgets, there is actually a lot you can do to protect yourself and your financial well-being from a recession. Because they happen so frequently, it’s a good life lesson to learn as early as possible.Ditch the debtWhen a recession hits, you might find yourself more strapped for cash. If that happens and you’re straddling a lot of credit card debt, personal loans, or other types of debt, it will be even harder to knock it out. If your budget takes a hit and you can only pay the minimum payments, you’ll be stuck with even more debt than you originally had, thanks to interest fees. With that in mind, tackling that debt before the going gets tougher is probably your best bet, as it will only become more difficult as additional economic stressors arise.Jo Yurcaba at Bustle addresses debt repayments as a major consideration for forthcoming recession woes. Especially for millennials who are battling with basic living expenses, student loan debt, and lack of savings, debts will be a big problem when the recession hits.“The debt left by attending college, or the impact of having mostly-stagnant wages while cost of living continues to rise,” Yurcaba writes, “means many millennials also dont invest and dont save, which could both become even more difficult during a recession if they lose their jobs or have their hours cut.”Consider a side hustleNot only will a side hustle enable you to pay down debt faster, but it will give you a leg up when the recession comes. In the gig economy, it’s easy to pick up certain hustles like Uber or Lyft or food delivery, and if you already have experience built up, it will be easier to hang onto the hustle when the recession arrives.Get smartThere are a variety of things you can do, such as increasing your financial literacy, to prep for the recession. It’s only a matter of time before one arrives, but Yurcaba says it’s not time to freak out yet. Prepare, yes. Freak out, no.“Much of the worry for mi llennials ahead of a potential recession is due to the way the Great Recession impacted older millennials, who entered the job market when unemployment was near 10% (thats very high),” Yurcaba writes. “According to [Jill] Schlesinger [a business analyst for CBS News], the Great Recession was pretty extreme â€" it was the worst downturn the U.S. economy has seen since the Great Depression â€" and the next one is unlikely to be as bad.”

Devices and services - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8977 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Autonomic networks attempt to find the method to improve the capability of networks, devices and services, in order to handle with unpredictable changes. This document will propose an autonomic solution along with the required components in order to set up an autonomic configuration to a non-centralized and self-administrative group of autonomic base stations taking part of a wireless access network. The system proposed will show a different way to evade existing centralized topologies avoiding the central point of failure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Devices and services" essay for you Create order In addition, when considering autonomic networks is critical the examination of protection requirements and the administration of security infrastructure. This system will illustrate a qualitative assessment and simulation results that shows self-healing characteristics and autonomous behaviour. It explains many of the drawbacks found when trying to simulate an autonomic conduct and the limitations when using software simulators. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Dr Thomas Owens for reading my dissertation report and supplying me with technical and writing advice including the supporting conversations we had. I have to thank Claudia and Angel who always gave me recommendations from a non-technical point of view. This work could not have been done without the help all of them. I dedicate this dissertation to my parents and God, who always supported me, gave me new ideas, and brought me the right solutions I always needed. Chapter 1: Introduction Autonomic wireless access systems was a model created in order to support the development of communication networks in the direction of efficient flexibility and extensibility to a large sort of potential faults and attacks. On the other hand, particular importance is given on the foundation values to accomplish focused behaviour over a self-organization. Therefore, an autonomic system allows the performance of an autonomic network when including self-management, self-configuration, self-optimization, self-healing and self-protection and the relation with different numerous of dynamic network groups and communities. As a result, every day more people, private customers and enterprises are employing wireless access technologies in order to achieve better connection, mobility and easier reception at any location. However, as the significance of this wireless technology has been increasing with the time, the need of autonomic self-management systems became crucial. In fact, this dissert ation will collaborate to the actual investigations related with autonomic wireless management systems. In addition, when considering autonomic networks is critical the examination of protection requirements and the administration of security infrastructure. The system presented in this report will illustrate a qualitative evaluation and simulation results that shows self-healing characteristics and autonomous conduct. It presents some of the disadvantages found when trying to simulate an autonomic behaviour and the restrictions of using software simulators. 1.1 Towards Self-Management. Self-management [1] is the core of autonomic networks, and its intention is to liberate systems administrators from the facts of system operation and maintenance and to give users with a machine that can be used at all times. In addition autonomic systems will preserve and regulate their operation in the case of changing components, hardware failures, software malfunctions, and outdoor conditions. The autonomic system has the capacity of frequently supervise itself, and check for component improvements. Self-configuration takes part when the system can configure itself in harmony with high-level procedures. In the case of a new component is adapted, this will incorporate itself easily, and the rest of the system will adjust to its incidence. Self-optimization means the way that several parameters must be set correctly for the network to work ideally. Autonomic systems try to improve the operation of different technologies by identifying and gathering their main functions in order to make them much more competent in performance or cost. Therefore, is here when autonomic systems will monitor and experiment with their individual factors in order to make proper choices, verifying, and applying the most recent updates. Self-healing takes place when the system can identify, trace and determine the origin and cause of a particular malfunction in complex mobile ad hoc networks [2]. On the other hand, serious user problems can occur and their explanation can take several weeks to be detected and fixed. However, autonomic systems will discover, analyse, and restore localized failures by using information about its individual system configuration and may be through a regression tester. Self-protection over autonomic systems can be applied in two ways. Firstly, we can protect the network as a whole against considerable, associated problems coming up from attacks or consecutive failures. Secondly, we can predict problems based on premature reports obtained from sensors and take steps in order to evade or make them smaller. In mobile ad hoc networks, it is very common to deal with unexpected alterations of population, topology and the complex reconfiguration executed by end-users. In addition, it is highly difficult for people to manage and to have the control of these unpredictable changes because the complex character of mobile ad hoc environments due to the heterogeneity of components and technologies, the lack of infrastructure and the decentralized composition. The model to follow in this project about mobile autonomic networks is based on a specific type of wireless mobile ad hoc networks [3]. In other words the network is built spontaneously as devices connect, instead of relying on a unique central base station to manage the current of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other. A mobile autonomic network could be a semi-centralized, mobile ad hoc, wireless, autonomic network, where its nodes are heterogeneous and the whole network can be easily manage by non-expert users. Therefore, a kind of mobile autonomic network can be for example, a home wireless network, a SOHO wireless network, an emergency service ad hoc network a business meeting network or a military scheme ad hoc network. The security needs that the mobile autonomic networks required are mainly the same as those usual networks. In other words, the security architecture obtained from wireless, mobile and ad hoc networks might be implemented in mobile autonomic networks. 1.2 Problem Depiction Self-managed wireless network posses a quantity of characteristics that allow us the developing and creation of autonomic base stations or access routers. However, in order to achieve the best performance of the network there are some problems that must be taken into account. The number of capabilities that every base station must enclose includes: A base station may be self-configure as long as it has a home duplicate of running and administration information in addition with particular installation of the management methods. Self-optimisation characteristic includes the facility of a base station to communicate with other ones and to find their positions on the network. As a result, each base station must be connected each other since they have to share important information during the authentication procedure. The security part needs special attention since all the interchange of data among base stations has to be protected against attackers in addition with the reliability of the management information such base station exchange (self-protection). Self-adaptive attributes must take place when every base station inform to the others about any modifications in its environment. It is essential for the network to have a self-managed communication method that guarantee a well performance as the traffic and the interchange of information increases. The idea is that every station will be able to operate and interact with others by creating new configurations or, be capable of running its default configuration sequence. In the event of failures o errors every base station must be capable of find the solution and solve the problem itself or, if necessary, notify to other access points in order to correct the failure globally as a method of self-healing conduct. 1.3 Aim and Objectives To present and simulate an autonomic behaviour through the use of self-healing capabilities and the improvement of some of the different aspects involved within a decentralized management system when being applied to an autonomic wireless network context in addition with the analysis of all requirements that an autonomic base station has to contain. Describe a system that could implement self-capabilities for autonomic base stations. Show how base station performance can be autonomy adapted. Illustrate the manner how self-protection, self-healing and self-optimisation are applied to autonomic wireless networks. Evaluate the possible solutions when improving the scalability problems of autonomic management systems. Simulate an Autonomic behaviour using OPNET Modeller by showing how self-healing capabilities may be adopted. Analyse some of the different drawbacks presented when trying to evaluate autonomic conditions. 1.4 Dissertation Organisation Chapter 2 looks into what are the existing approaches for autonomic systems and the management of wireless networks. Additionally, it examines some of the issues when dealing with autonomic networks and essential network technologies involved in the autonomic networks field. Chapter 3 describes the proposed decentralized management system and different autonomic applications may possibly run on it. Furthermore, important security characteristics will be discussed. Chapter 4 presents the modelling and simulation, using OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version for the autonomic wireless network management. This chapter contains all modifications and suppositions that were necessary in order to achieve an autonomic self-healing behaviour including failure detection and results. Finally, conclusions, simulationÂÂ ´s limitations and discussion of further work in Chapter 5. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Autonomic Systems Autonomic systems can be denoted as interactive groups of autonomic elements, individual systems components that have resources and deliver services to specific users and other autonomic elements. These elements may manage their inner actions and their associations with other autonomic elements in harmony with policies that people or other elements have recognized. In addition, a spread, service-oriented infrastructure will maintain autonomic elements and their communications. The managed component will be alike to what is found in ordinary non-autonomic systems, although it can be personalized to allow the autonomic manager to observe and manage it. The directed element may be a hardware supply, such as a CPU, a printer, or a software resource, such as a database [1]. Within a more complex field, a managed element may be an application service, electronic business application or other related IT application. The autonomic manager makes a distinction the autonomic element from its non-autonomic equivalent. If we can monitor the managed element and its exterior atmosphere, and constructing a plan based on an examination of this information, the autonomic manager will reduce people of the dependability of directly managing the managed element. The autonomic computing is expected to progress as designers slowly add progressively more complicated autonomic managers to existing managed elements. Each autonomic element will be responsible for managing its own interior condition and conduct and for controlling its relations with an environment that consists mainly of signals and communication from other elements and the external world. An elementÂÂ ´s internal behaviour and its relationships with other elements will be determined by objectives that its maker has implanted in it, by other elements that have authority over it [2]. The element may need help from other elements to accomplish its goals. In this case, it will be in charge for obtaining essential resources from other elements and for dealing with exception cases, as an example the failure of a necessary resource. Autonomic elements will take part at many levels, from individual computing components such as disk drivers to small-scale computing systems such as workstations or servers to entire automated enterprises in the largest autonomic system of all the global economy. At the lower levels, an autonomic elements variety of interior behaviours and relations with other elements, and the set of elements with which it can act together, may be comparatively partial and hard-coded. Mainly at the rank of individual components, well-established techniques, many of which fall under the rubric of fault tolerance, have led to the expansion of elements that not often fail, which is one significant feature of being autonomic. When having higher levels, fixed behaviours, links, and associations will give way to enlarged vitality and flexibility. All these aspects of autonomic elements will be articulated in more high-level, goal-oriented terms, leaving the elements themselves with the responsibility for resolving the details on the fly. Service-oriented architectural models such as Web and network services will play an elementary function, a sufficient foundation for autonomic computing requires more. Primary, as service providers, autonomic elements will not obediently honour requests for service, as would classic Web services or objects in an object-oriented environment [2]. In fact, autonomic elements will provide only services that can improve the reliability of its objectives. Autonomic elements will initially a problem requests to other elements to carry out their objectives. After all, autonomic elements will have complex life cycles, frequently transporting on various threads of activity, and constantly sensing and responding to the environment in which they are situated. Autonomy, proactively, and goal-directed interactivity with their environment are distinguishing characteristics of software agents. 2.2 Architecture of Autonomic Networks The current consideration on network organization remains. For example, autonomic communications holds the layer as: User Applications Services / Components Middleware Network and Computers Device Agent (soft) or Sensor (hard) Take into account that this layering has network, computers and software, transmissions, and information. But the requirement of supporting everywhere networks is required; a strong domain model must be incorporated in Autonomic Communication architectures [3]. Domains substitute layers as the main organizing component. Domains will supply limits, much like the border and doorway routers do today in IP networks. But domains will need to mechanically communicate large amounts of information about what they will and will not accept; what they are capable of, and what present facility and QoS is accessible. Domains will contain domains, each with alike computational manage systems but with diverse locations, contexts and communities [4]. Criticize domain structures will have connection and provide shortcuts across these many networks. A distributed computing, tools and platforms will be a fixed part of the network. While routers and switches will still pass data, they will subcontract all but the simplest and quickest of decisions to the implanted distributed computing substrate; only things like lookups will stay. In result, every mechanism will have a service interface with available methods. In some architectural systems, the device-embedded service will dynamically register itself with service modellers and discovery components principal of which is the agent-service providing self restoration. This probably means that every device will include Java or .NET and provide service and running interfaces accessible by soft services. Basic to the plan of all autonomic networks is a fixed security model. In conventional networks, protection was applied after the reality mainly via external devices, applications and tools. The world would be a much more organized and safer place if TCP/IP had been designed with fixed security and even this is being looked at again [5,6]. Autonomic networks must be self configuring, self deploying, and self assembling. While total security cannot be assured and security does add fee, for the most part of current designs have produced workable compromises where the security of a network is well known. The best designs can adjust cost and security as properties of network domains, controlled by policy and bounded on the borders with a security that filters user and service admittance. Four basic steps are designed into Autonomic Network [7]: Collect: get together information from environmental and device sensors and instrumentations; determine purpose or service requirements; look up user context and security credentials. Analyze: this function uses the current tools to associate and model multifaceted situations for example, queuing models, economic models, rules and polices. In addition, these mechanisms permit the autonomic manager to use the network environment more efficiently and to predict further conditions. Decide: process with the best available computation engines including decision theory; risk analysis, hypothesis generation, genetic algorithms, and neural networks; scope actions to situations and needs. Act: call up services; collect components; manage association; configure managed elements; signal devices; inform users and administrators; log actions and the strategic analysis that determined them. 2.3 Existing Management Solutions With the use of centralized, distributed or hybrid solutions it is possible the management of wireless networks. Centralized systems make use of a unique master mechanism to configure the base stations. On the other hand, decentralized, distributed configurations do not use that single point of malfunction and collaboratively execute a completely distributed administration solution. Within any of the approaches mention above, the objective is that a wireless base station must have a reliable, system-wide composition. Nowadays, with the use of wireless switches is possible to connect base stations and make them operate as wireless bridges to a switched wired network as a solution that many companies have been created in order to provide centralized administration solutions for groups of base stations [5]. With the use of wireless switches within a centralized architecture is possible to obtain channel management in addition with bandwidth, access and traffic control therefore the link-layer switch executes the management component. However, this type of centralized link-layer topologies also has disadvantages. There are several problems related with broadcast traffic that does not allow the free develop of link-layer broadcast domains. Furthermore, the architecture of the wired system does not allow straight association of the management system to the base stations. However, there are some solutions that work at the network-layer resolving this limitation. One way to configure mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) [16] is through decentralized management systems where its centre of attention is to enable peer-to-peer communication within very high dynamic, mobile structures [4]. It means that each base station does not make any decision based on a central manager but it does base on its local capacity. There are many uncompleted researches that try to design self-configuring solutions for MANETs. On the other hand, this report is focused mainly on the configuration of fixed wireless networks for mobile clients seeking the way to improve effectiveness and performance. In addition, the important factor here is to develop an autonomic and decentralized management platform that can sustain different sort of management functions. Hybrid advances to wireless network management give some more functionality from a fundamental system into the base stations. However, hybrid systems which are a little more complex than the plain wireless bridges do not totally attend to solve the disadvantages of centralized systems; e.g., being central points of failure for one. 2.4 A Quantity of Problems of Autonomic Home Networks With the introduction of the self-characteristics (self-management, self-organization and self-configuration [12]) some issues have been brought within a dynamic environment. The IP-based networks have been increasing its complexity rapidly which affect directly to network designers, network operators and subsequently network users. Actual IP networking technologies execute spontaneous adjustment by responding to changes in the location once a problem has happened. Therefore, is the job of autonomic networks find the way to develop the capacity of networks, terminals and devices to deal with the unexpected variations, along with the physical and logical features of the network that can be accessed but also, changes in topology, load and other responsibilities. In addition, by the introduction of self-characteristics it provides users with the advantage to focus on their duties instead of configuring and managing networks. Nevertheless, within a dynamic environment a quantity of problems can also be brought by utilization of the self-characteristics, such as be deficient in learning capacity of the policy-based [12], autonomic control-loop, particularly in the mixed and mobile context in addition with the complex security and cost-effectiveness of the inherent monitoring methods found in the current autonomic networking technologies. There are some factors that must be considered when analysing the self decision makings process within autonomic networks, such as context information for routing decision which could limit the autonomic ability of the systems. Therefore, in order to be able to analyse and consequently understand the modelling and performance of the most recent autonomic networking technologies and systems, we must analyse some of their issues in the context of some basic network technologies, intrinsic monitoring systems and mobility management. 2.5 Essential Networking Technologies The inclusion of autonomic features into modern internet architecture let us visualized a future internet system having capacities such as self-optimizing, self-management, self-organization and so on. Nowadays autonomic networking technologies are yet inadequate to adjust to diversity of upcoming network situations as follow: Control/Decision plane: at this part the modern models of control loop just provides autonomic tasks like the policy-based autonomic control loop [13] has no learning features, providing the network with no autonomic capabilities. In addition, for an end-to-end performance goal makes so much difficult for a decision element obtain the correct decision. Better comprehensive context technologies: in order to make decisions, autonomic network nodes obtain essential information through contexts and for this reason network contexts achievement technologies have obtained special treatments. On the other hand, contents of applications and service characteristics are very significant context information for autonomic nodes when optimizing network routines and quality of service of users. A clear example may be, since wireless networks have a limited data transmission capacity, packet loss rate is pretty high. In the case that, autonomic nodes choose to drop a number of packets, users will suppose that important packets are going to be protected while insignificant ones to be dropped. Therefore, with a better comprehensive context aware technologies will provide such behaviour by gaining and analyzing the context data of clients, applications and network. An obedient network: total responsiveness regarding to objectives, businesses and applications must be essential properties of Self-Managed Autonomic Networks. 2.5.1 Monitoring Infrastructures Actual autonomic systems are facing problems regarding the way monitoring infrastructures provide local and global performance information consistently and efficiently not including security problems and performance degradations. In addition, the status concerning the autonomic network must be sensed by an autonomic system which leads to a large amount of data flow to be handed out to the autonomic system. Therefore, the monitoring infrastructures must be strongly built with very high performance, the security of the principal monitoring system have to be cautiously calculated as well as the expenses of big monitoring activities ought to be take into account. Additionally, in case of have a large size monitoring activities further processing and combining into the total performance information for the autonomic systems and services will be required due to a massive production of data. 2.5.2 Mobility Administration Mobility management becomes much more complex and complicated since potential mixed wired and wireless systems are going to supply everywhere coverage and flawless mobility in order to allow additional users with multi-mode transportable terminals. As a result, for a mobile device will be a problem quick to response different changes perfectly and opportune and acquire suitable calculations without human intervention along with heterogeneous access situations. Likewise, in order to accomplish competent resource employment, load contribution, bandwidth aggregation and some more features, mobility administration must support interface-level [13], mobility and flow-level mobility. The junction rate of the control-loop in the autonomic networks might be low since diverse types of the heterogeneous access technologies, the time-changing characteristic of wireless channels produce vibrations when collecting information for the control-loops. As a consequence, it may have and effect on the self-configuration and self-adaptation process in the mixed wired/wireless situations. Chapter 3: Design of an Autonomic Management System 3.1 Overview The aim of this chapter is to describe the design of the autonomic management system. In addition, it will explain what sort of suppositions must be taken into account when choosing the autonomic access points as well as the most important security characteristics and the basic networks functionality. After all, the chapter will describe some important autonomic functions that can be including in the central system. 3.2 General Requirements The model that is presented in this report requires of a well selected base stations which are fundamental components of the autonomic wireless system. IP [22] access routers can be used as wireless base stations due to their assigned IP subnet and they have the capability to correct any error that may occur without the intervention of any human operator. Each access point will require a wireless interface in order to provide wireless services to every user or mobile piece of equipment connected. Another network interface which can be wired or wireless is going to supply uplink [25] communication to mobile devices and the other part of the network. In fact, it can be used for Internet access [14]. In addition, this second interface may be use as a supervision and management interface among base stations and to support self-management services. The use of supplementary interconnection lines can be useful when connecting mobile devices that come from different networks (wired or wireless) and there is a need to link different channels and protocols. The description mentioned above is represented in the Figure 3.0 where four access routers provide wireless interfaces for connectivity and uplink among different mobile devices. The other network interface is used to transfer data between the access router and the Internet and for autonomic administration capabilities. However, an extra or extras uplink interfaces could be included. It is the job of the access routers to allocate and configure IP addresses and subnets which are going to be used for the mobile devices and for the uplink interfaces. Self-protection (Figure 3.1) can be achieved by following a number of considerations that the model proposed in this report must make use of. This model will use X.509 certificates [15] among with public-key cryptography in order to obtain key distribution and user authentication. A key pair (private/public) is created by a certification authority (CA) [17]. Public keys are included into a certificate; they do not need to be protected from unauthorized nodes and may be spread with the use of software [24], information servers or an Internet system. A two-way authentication along with the use of X.509 certificates provides reliability in many security aspects. Every base station needs to corroborate its neighbours certificates. Consequently, each base station must contain the related certification authorityÂÂ ´s public key and the deviceÂÂ ´s certificate. At the same time, the use of hash algorithms is fundamental in this application, being SHA-1 [18] and MD5 [23] the most commonly known and used. The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) generates a 160 bit (20 byte) message digest in contrast with the 128 bit (16 byte) message used by MD5. Therefore, SHA-1 is stronger against attacks but slower than MD5. 3.3 Functionality of the Network An essential idea about this report and the projected model is to show how we can distribute the administration functionality of the wireless system, in some way that no central point of failure will exist and as a result will be avoiding bottlenecks [18] during the processing and communication of information. For that reason, all the base stations must support autonomic management capabilities and be able to provide self-protection, self-healing and self-optimisation. In addition, important information regarding the wireless network configuration and running activities must be exchanged and collected among each base station and its neighbours hence every station within the radio range work together as a uniform wireless access network. Within a network with inner management station, there is communication between each station and the central administration station but no exchange of information is possible between other base stations. Avoiding central point of failure [14, 18] topologies, interchange of irrelevant information among neighboured base stations is evaded. Hence, the information recovered and collected locally will permit base station to choose the correct management configuration. The information exchanged between base stations sometimes is divided and just passed to a single access router and it must be absolutely reliable all over the network. In addition, this information will be extend globally among stations which are closely situated and every station have to report to its neighbours regarding any modifications by using sporadic periods in order to avoid massive transit of messages. Figure 3.2 shows the way in which information is shared between stations is obtained using next-door stations only. In other words, when a base station obtains fresh management data this information is only transmitted to the nearest neighbour station. Subsequently, the station who has received new information must inform to itÂÂ ´s next-door station about all modifications it does internally plus data received previously from the originating transmitter [20]. After an exchanging of information between stations, the information shared will not be forward again because to the initial sender this data is no longer new material. For a base station must be absolutely relevant, the fact of avoid contacting all other base stations within the network when planning to execute management data modifications, instead, the only thing they have to do is to contact its individual next-door stations. The autonomic configuration activity takes place in the way that, access points receive and exchange certain information among other devices that is use for specific purposes. Though, every base station posses an autonomic behaviour since they shared information each other but none access point can be oblige to adopt or make use of any kind of information or wrong configuration it receives. In addition, this protects all the devices within the wireless network against an attacker pretending to force a base station to execute malicious procedures. 3.4 Categorisation Process It is very functional to make a segmentation based on the type of information that every base station manage in order to make easy for the base station to decide what sort of information it should used during a specific process. 3.4.1 Global Information. This information can be broadcasted throughout the entire network and includes actual employed protocols, a group of unnecessary mobile devices and wireless encryption key. 3.4.2 Public Information. Public Information will be exchange only among next-door devices which can be found within the radio coverage. As a result, this information contains the number of devices connected to each base station, the connection path use for base stations and information regarding addressing. Consequently, when a group of next-door stations want to communicate each other public information shared allows them to act in response to events happening within a specific area. By using bi-directional broadcasting at regular intervals to next-door devices, base stations use its public data to revise and renew information regarding to its home status as well as its own system updating. 3.4.3 Private Information Private data will be found and used exclusively for local proposes and it is not transferable among devices. Security related information and capacity data will not be shared with anyone. However, some security elements are exchanged throughout the entire network. 3.5 Performance and Setting up Propose of this section is to explain how the suggested autonomic wireless access network works based on its management functionalities. Firstly, we are going to analyse the performance of the self-configuration method, the course of action when adding new base station. Afterwards, we will be discussing how to include homogeneity when processing global information and after all explain how a centralized configuration could be transformed and used within a non-centralized autonomic wireless access network. 3.6 Improving the Scalability of the Network The process of initialization of a base station starts breaking its synchronisation [20] follow by a checking period. Subsequently, the base station may start configuring itself in order to supply connection mode to all mobile devices associated to each node of the network. In case of power malfunction, all stations may be re-initialized themselves at the same time, but because they are not synchronized they will not be looking for new next-door stations in a parallel way. After a small period of time where the base station generates a probe of connectivity this is ready for an auto-configuration IP process, which includes designation of subnets in order to bring association capabilities to mobile devices and get ready with the uplink line [20]. In addition, the base station looks for its next-door devices with propose of testing their correct configuration and the later inclusion within the self-management network. At this part of the process beacons [26] are imperative elements because they provide to a neighbour base station with network management information as a result of the quantity of overhead that the broadcast of beacon frames produce which is very significant; conversely, a beacon is capable of identify the presence of an access point. By using a radio network interface card (NIC), every radio frequency channel is scanned looking for beacons approaching from base stations in order to discover an appropriate one. As soon as a beacon is discovered, information regarding groups of access points and potential information about the network could be obtained. Therefore, association process among bases stations may start taking place. Power reduction mode is another important attribute of beacons. Inside our self-managed wireless access network, a base station periodically transmits mapping information using beacons in order to identify which base stations utilizing power reduction mode have data frames claiming for them at the access point buffering service. In case that none next-door stations can be found by the access point during the searching process, the device autonomously will use a default configuration and then be able to commence operation among mobile devices. Figure 3.5 illustrates the manner how an access point initiates a wireless scanning process looking for next-door base stations. As soon as a station detects the presence of the other access points within its coverage area the station ratifies the scanned access point as one of its neighbours. Resolution of management interface addresses takes place with the transmission of a resolve request by the base station to its next-door previously scanned stations. The resolve request may be sent as a user datagram protocol (UDP) [21] message. As a result, broadcasting and multicasting messages can be used. On the other hand, if fresh stations use encryption or filtering the communication may possibly fail. A new access point gets association with all the addresses and stations found throughout the wireless scan using their management interfaces. This is like the MAC address of the interface which makes possible wireless services. In order to obtain association with next-door stations the recent base station may utilize the wireless interface as a mobile point of connection at the same time transmitting the solve request to that base station. Therefore, needless multicast or broadcast messages could be avoided inside the wireless access network. However, a fresh base station could broadcast or multicast the resolve request by using its administration interfaces. If the neighbour stations do not provide answer at all to the new base station, it will set up the configuration by default as well as connection service among mobile devices. The first time neighboured stations receive information regarding a new base station is when this one sends to them its resolve request. A successful authentication of a new base station is conceded by its next-door stations, only they will authorize this procedure using the information exchange during the presentation part and the implementation of an X.509 certificate previously discussed in the section 3.2. Transmission control protocol (TCP) [22] supplies reliable and well-organized transport of a stream of bytes as well as flow control, network traffic congestion and it will guarantee the trustworthiness of management data exchange among bases stations. At this instant, the new base station is capable of provide all its neighbours with public and global information. The new base station will be ready then to combine all the data recovered from its different next-door stations during the searching phase and the selectivity of available radio channels. In addition, a base station performs a series of scans in order to identify alterations around its surroundings. However, the scanning procedure could affect users connectivity depending on how frequently is executed as a result regulation take place during the uplink transmission among mobile nodes. 3.7 Network Database and Recovery Several advantages will be obtained with the use of databases that save and store important information regarding all devices inside the wireless access network. In other words, a network administrator could be capable to obtain significant data about the actual network configuration and status just by using previous collect related information. In case of network failure, the fact of having a backup of all information related will be incredibly helpful in addition with the security fact that none malicious attacker will be able to modify or utilize certain information because it will be out of reach. One way to apply this concept is with the creation of virtual neighbours [25]. In fact, a neighbour will be adding to a list of all actual next-door stations no matter if it belongs to the same radio coverage. In this order of ideas, the virtual device will collect the same amount of messages that direct or (real) neighbours have received. Scalability is easily obtained with the inclusion of virtual devices since a station does not differentiate among a virtual or real next-door device. Therefore, a virtual neighbour simply recovers the configuration information of a pre-selected subgroup of each and every one stations contained by the wireless access network. 3.8 Security Requirements and Technologies The use of security applications must be imperative when trying to guard the wireless access network. The system has to be protected against malicious infiltrations, illegal accessing, interception or modification of private data [24]. In addition, authentication information and encryption keys have to be protected from harm. Masquerading attack [19] is quiet difficult to detect and one of the most dangerous attacks, it can affect the normal operation among mobile clients and base stations. An invalid entity may impersonate a valid base station and acquire illegal control over the traffic network. The management procedures carrying out within the wireless network could be used as a way to attack the network. A broadcast including resolve messages is created by the enemy using a stations address as destination address. In consequence, the station affected will receive several answers due to the broadcast attack sent to all active base stations. Data integrity and privacy among base stations is possible by using the transport layer security (TLS) [8] protocol. The TLS protocol is divided into to layers: TLS record protocol TLS handshake protocol TLS record protocol uses private connection and encryption is achieved using symmetric cryptography. The connection is trustworthy and message transference makes use of a message integrity check using MAC address. SHA-1 and MD5 can be used as hash functions. TLS handshake protocol provides authentication, encryption algorithm negotiation and cryptography key checking between stations. Chapter 4: Simulation and Results 4.1 Overview The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the modelling and simulation, using OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version for the autonomic wireless network management. In addition, it will explain what kind of modifications and suppositions were necessary in order to achieve the autonomic self-healing mechanism, including agentÂÂ ´s architecture and description. 4.2 Autonomic Management Agents This section will illustrate the modelling and simulation, using OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version, of a community of autonomic management agents that provide network fault analysis for a group of base stations. The main objective of these intelligent agents will be to bring together process information in order to detect failures when bases stations exchange information between them and the creating of high obtainable wireless access network. Analysing network failures is relatively difficult since theses problems may differ from one network system to another and could depend on network dynamics, i.e., the type of network information to be exchange and the traffic characteristics associated with that information. In addition, the pattern of failures could vary quickly as the network operates and reconfigures around a failed device. As OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version does not have autonomous process ready for simulation usage, existing code had to be adapted to allow autonomic behaviour. The use of two different autonomic agents we required in order to provide self-healing network diagnosis and facilities. In this report, OPNET coding modifications will be called Agents and two different types are mentioned and applied to the access points. Testing Agents will supply data simplicity and monitoring capabilities to Node Agents, on the other hand, Node Agents will check periodically the information that Testing Agents bring together and use it as a medium of failure detection within the wireless access network. In addition, a Testing Agent will be able to supervise and provide data regarding information exchanged among access points. Node agents use data obtained by the Testing Agents as a method of node analysis. Various Testing Agents may be found on a single wireless client. A Testing Agent can be situated on a host device since it does not have to deal with data acquisition and information simplicity. In contrast, Node Agents will be located on a base station. Various Testing Agents may be found on a single wireless client. 4.2.1 Additions and Model Modifications OPNET Modeller was used in order to determine concept achievability of the proposed model. The conception about Autonomic Mobile Wireless Networks is illustrated by using a community of wireless base stations which allow autonomous healing of interrupted paths. Intended how autonomic healing (self-healing) is possible of broken route. The OPNET simulation showed in this report will contain two Node Agents and two Testing Agents which take part of a group of autonomic base stations. The new OPNET topology required the creation of ten nodes in order to characterize every autonomic agent and all the modifications were made to accomplish the needs of both agents. The autonomic behaviour was obtained through modifications to the wlan_server_adv and ip_arp_v4 OPNET process models, where code changes were made in order to achieve the desired behaviour. 4.2.2 Testing Agent (TA) and Node Agent (NA) Description Each Testing Agents belong respectively with a Node Agent as a single component of a particular node in the OPNET simulation. As mentioned in section 3.3, each base station is aware of its next-door stations at all times. A Testing agent (TA_1) is designed to watch and detect alterations regarding other base stations. In the event of any modification of the network, TA_1 will notify Node Agent (NA_1) by using a UDP message. UDP presents lack of reliability consequently; the Testing agent TA_1 cannot assured successful message transmission. However, this lack of reliability will be useful for simulation proposes. After receiving information from TA_1, a Node Agent (NA_1) will inform other stations about changes in zone, and files updating may take place. When a NA_1 observes that information sent has no arrived to its destination by a particular period of time, the agent alerts its neighbours that a probable node malfunction has happened. This time depends of certain attributes fixed for a particular mobile user. Scalability of the network will be achieved with the use of a second pair of agents. Where, Agent TA_2 has the job of monitoring path request messages sent and received by other stations. Information regarding path request is detected by TA_2, including the time when the path request was generated and the destination of this demand. Changes to the mobility architecture were necessary including ARP and IP alterations. The idea was to alter some settings in order to evaluate and compare the destination address with the address of the device were specific information was sent. The destination address must belong to a registered wireless client and the intelligent agents will check correct transmission of it. IP alterations were made changing the moip_core to allow stations to be able of forwarding information packets to its neighbours, modifying the IP routing mode and helping each station choosing the better route available. The moip_core has a list that could be dynamically regulated as the base stations travel between networks. The UDP is used as a transport protocol and the managing, mobility and registration information is handling by the process show in the figure below. The moip_reg process allows base stations when managing and updating mobility information regarding next-door stations. When exchanging information among stations, all the agents will monitor and process each request and they will aim to find failures during the registration process. When the registration communication was successful, there is an identification value that is compare with a mobility list and the right matched among them will mean no error has occurred during the registration procedure. Updated messages must be sending when agents have no information regarding the mobile station due to updating failures. In fact, agents need acknowledgments in order to be sure that the communication between stations is doing perfectly and in case that an agent does not received the updating message, it will not be able to monitor base stations and all the information exchanged among agents will be lost. Therefore, all the updates and acknowledgments will be verified within an identification field contained by the moip_reg. If they are equivalent, the update will be set as confirmed and the exchange of information will be free of failures. OPNET Modeller allows us to present the node model which was modified in order to provide autonomic behaviour to a set of autonomic base stations within a self-managed wireless access network. The wireless connectivity is achievable through the use of IEEE802.11b interfaces, permitting roaming among networks. This type of interfaces could be improved by adding an extra communication module between the radio transceiver and the wlan_mac system. This process allows a base station to simulate the effect of completely losing connection among devices and at the same time avoiding unnecessarily queues of packets. 4.3 Network Model Three different network configurations were constructed to simulate and identify autonomic characteristics, and agent distribution was arbitrarily decided in order to improve the simulation. The Testing agent (TA_1) was applied to a single base station, other station was selected to make use of Testing agent (TA_2) and Node Agent (NA_1) while Node Agent (NA_2) were modified to operate in all base stations. 4.3.1 Design of Wireless Network Infrastructure The next steps were followed in order to design a wireless infrastructure in OPNET: Open the OPNET program and select New Project and the press OK. Give the project a name and the scenario name. Select create empty scenario and press Next. Network space was chose as campus and specific size was selected as: X-span and Y-span 10 kilometres respectively. The Object Palette Tree will open which illustrates the various WLAN devices as follows. The third model illustrated in the Figure 4.7 offers a more narrowly linked network configuration. The number of neighbours for every node will increase and the communication between Node Agents and Testing Agents will improve due to a decrement in the number of paths required for Testing Agent information to meet the suitable Node Agent. Therefore, a superior self-healing performance will be expected using this configuration. 4.4 Verification of Agents self-healing process upon base station malfunction. To experiment the right operation of the agents, different simulations were made in every network model. The main purpose is to test agent reliability and its competence when providing intelligent self-healing course of action. Consequently, the base stations were programmed to reproduce a failure and the action of agents would eventually lead to simulate an autonomic behaviour. The diagram above illustrates the self-management of the system. Exchange of information among nodes may take different paths until data arrives at its final destination. In the event that a particular base station fails, the permanent monitoring service of the Node Agents will detect the malfunction, and then base stations self-healing method will autonomously locate another route allowing intelligent diagnosing and repairing. OPNET code modifications provide one method of simulating a malfunction in the base station. The most important features required for this process was the use of acknowledge mechanism and understanding of the range capacity of base stations. These characteristics were required to allow mobile devices to recognize when a failure takes place in a base station and stop transmitting and routing traffic, in order to start self-healing and path recovery. 4.5 OPNET Simulation Results A set of simulation were run in order to obtain some important information regarding self-healing and path recovery. The figure 4.9 shows the interchange of data being sent by the two mobile devices and obtained by mobile_node_2. The red line indicates the data and traffic being sent by mobile nodes 0 and 1, while the blue one represents information received by the mobile_node_2. In order to detect the presence of devices and the best possible path, control traffic and management features are established and can be noticed by looking at those short spikes at the beginning of the simulation. In addition, there is a stable amount of traffic being transmitted without interruptions. Chapter 5: Conclusions and Future Work This document proposed an autonomic solution along with the required components in order to set up an autonomic configuration while providing self-characteristics to a non-centralized and self-administrative group of autonomic base stations taking part of a wireless access network. We showed how to avoid centralized topologies including the central point of failure issue. A qualitative evaluation and simulation results allow us to demonstrate self-healing characteristic and autonomous behaviour within the system. This report presented and simulated an autonomic behaviour through the use of self-healing capabilities and the upgrading of different aspects involved within a decentralized management system when being applied to an autonomic wireless network environment. A fast reaction of the self-managed wireless access network is very important in order to react to failures, errors and interferences. Therefore, the self-healing behaviour used in this report offers a way to address such connection problems, including a vision of how a base station can react to changes in its environment and react on failures of its neighbours. On the other hand, the proposed system is capable to handle various base stations in wireless access networks through diverse topologies. This management system for a wireless access network was able to identify and to adapt alterations in the network and, to be efficient, establish the alterations on all regarding base stations. The self-healing behaviour is protecting network information being exchanged and the traffic characteristics associated with that information. As a result, avoiding that the intensity of failures could vary quickly as the network operates and reconfigures around a failed device. The self-management of the system shows how exchange of information between nodes can take diverse routes until data arrives at its final destination, when a particular base station failed, the permanent monitoring service of the Node Agents detected the malfunction, and then base stations self-healing method autonomously located another route allowing intelligent diagnosing and repairing. Alterations to the OPNET mobility architecture showed one method of simulating a base station malfunctions. In addition, with the use of an acknowledge mechanism and understanding of the range capacity of base stations the system could recognized when a failure took place in a base station, stopping transmitted and routed traffic, and beginning self-healing and optimal path recovery. Simulation of autonomic characteristics including self-healing, self-characteristics (self-management, self-organization and self-configuration) and security features in OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version is a problem for various reasons. OPNET modeller requires enormous alterations of coding programming in order to achieve autonomic behaviour. Therefore, self-characteristics are not easy to apply and gather together in the same network environment because OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version does not include autonomous process ready for simulation usage. As an alternative, modifications of OPNET architecture have to be done in order to accomplish such propose. OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version does not support WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) security characteristics. Therefore, simulation of security features within wireless environments is quite complex. 5.1 Future Work It is very important to think about future applications but more importantly is the upgrading of this actual one. The integration of external information will improve the scalability problems and the lack of self-management characteristics. In addition, the inclusion of more management applications is vital. More OPNET architecture modifications must be include accomplishing further autonomic capabilities, including implementation with greater number of nodes and base stations. References S. Dobson, S. Denazis, A. Fernandez, D. Gaiti, E. Gelenbe, F. Massacci, P. Nixon, F. Saffre, N. Schmidt, and F. Zambonelli, A survey of autonomic communications, ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, 2006. M. Aljnidi and J. Leneutre, A security Policy System for mobile Autonomic Networks, in Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Self-Organizing Systems, 2006. L.Zhou, Z.J.Haas: Securing ad hoc networks. IEEE Network (1999) C.M.Ellison: Home network security. Intel Technology Journal 6 (2002) E. Gelenbe, Towards autonomic networks, in Proceedings of the 2006 IBM Research Headquarters (manifesto). (2001, Oct.) Autonomic computing: IBMs perspective on the state of information technology. [Online]. Available: https://www.research.ibm.com/autonomic/overview/ elements.html K. Murray, R. Mathur, and D. Pesch, Intelligent access and mobility management in heterogeneous wireless networks using policy, in Proc. 1st ACM Int. Workshop Inf. Commun. Technol., 2003, pp. 181-186. Hickman, Kipp, The TLS Protocol, Netscape Communication. Corp., Feb 9, 1995. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/autonomic/library/ac-edge4/figure-am2.gif https://wasteagain.sourceforge.net/img/server.png https://wasteagain.sourceforge.net/img/server.png F. J. Mullany et al., Self-Deployment, Self-Configuration: Critical Future Paradigms for Wireless Access Networks, Proc. 1st Intl. Wksp. Autonomic Commun. (WAC 2005), Berlin, Germany, 2004. M. Masullo and S. Calo, Policy Management: An Architecture and Approach, Proc.1st IEEE Intl. Wksp. System Management, LA, USA, Apr. 1993. C. Adams and S. Farrell. Internet X.509 public key infrastructure certificate management protocols. Request for Comments 2510, Internet Engineering Task Force, March 1999. S. Corson and J. Macker. Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations. Request for Comments 2501, Internet Engineering Task Force, January 1999. H. Luo, P. Zerfos, J. Kong, S. Lu, and L. Zhang, Self-securing ad hoc wireless networks, in Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2002. Matt Blaze, Joan Feigenbaum, and Jack Lacy. Decentralized Trust Management. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, number 96-17, Berkeley, California, USA, May 1996. T. Dierks and C. Allen. The TLS protocol version 1.0. Request for Comments 2246, Internet Engineering Task Force, January 1999. Matthew S. Gast. 802.11 Wireless Networks. OReilly Associates Inc., California, USA, 2002. J. Postel. User datagram protocol. Request for Comments 768, Internet Engineering Task Force, August 1980. J. Postel. Transmission control protocol. Request for Comments 793, Internet Engineering Task Force, September 1981. R. Rivest. The MD5 message-digest algorithm. Request for Comments 1321, Internet Engineering Task Force, April 1992. Andrew S. Tannenbaum and Maarten van Steen. Distrubuted Systems, Principles and Paradigms. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, USA, 2002. 25. J.J. Silva Tobella, Martin Stiemerling, and Marcus Brunner. Towards Self- Configuration of IPv6 Networks. In Poster Session of IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS04), Seoul, Korea, April 2004. 26. https://alkautsarpens.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/f45.jpg

Racial Tension and The Declaration of Independence

â€Å"The past is never dead. It’s not even past.† Requiem of a Nun by William Faulkner. In a speech given by commander-in-chief, president Barack Obama he uses this quote as an example to describe the racial situation that plagues contemporary America. Over two hundred years ago a document was signed promising no guaranteeing that every man was entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This document found that it was self evident, that all men were created equal and that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness). When it was written the Declaration of Independence guaranteed every man he shall not be denied certain unalienable rights by the government and if his†¦show more content†¦The black people who have had a horrific experience ever since they were captured and brought to this country. Plagued with memories of embarrassment and the injustice of slavery, Jim Crow laws, one- drop doctrines, inflicted upon them by depraved white men and women who thought nothing more of them than animal that could be exploited and to add insult to injury now that African Americans have come to a point where they are finally getting a milliliter of respect they are told by their Caucasian counter parts to just get over it (slavery, Jim Crow, and the countless other injustices and embarrassments we have had to suffer). This has led to some African Americans developing a â€Å"the white man is keeping me down† mentality that is not only detrimental to himself but also the African-American and American community. 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Withering of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay

Withering of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald depicts the degradation of the American dream through the loss of humility and rectitude. The American Dream, which remains till today, bases itself upon assiduousness and high morals. Many people from foreign and faraway countries view this dream as a reality and believe that America upholds these high standards. Yet, Fitzgerald clearly writes this novel to show that the linchpin that kept the dream alive has eroded away. America, known as the land of opportunity, promises a comfortable life to all those who work honestly and diligently. Yet Gatsby, a key player in The Great Gatsby, earns his money through bootlegging and†¦show more content†¦Tom, from the onset of the novel, partook in a relationship with Mrs. Wilson, and even rented themselves a small apartment as a reprieve from their families and previous lifestyles. He often dined in restaurants with her and even took Nick to see Mrs. Wilson who he referred to as my girl. In contrast, the first immigrants from Europe to America were the Puritans and they established the status quo for the American Dream. They set high moral and civil duties, and if anyone failed to abide by these regulations they were excommunicated from the society. On the other hand Daisy, Gatsby, and Nick all involve themselves in these activities and still retain their paramount positions in their milieu. Daisy and Gatsby take a more prosaic and practicable ap proach to their affair. They meet at parties and invite each other as dinner guests. Daisy, Tom and Mrs. Wilson all being married people, partook in this picayune, garish, and flippant lifestyle and ended up causing their loved ones pain and anguish. 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